大坝安全监测智能感知与智慧管理技术研究及应用

水库大坝安全监测是工程安全的重要保障措施,亟需结合新一代信息技术,提升大坝安全监测能力。系统总结了长江科学院近年来在大坝安全监测智能感知与智慧管理技术方面的研究及应用工作,通过研发系列化智能传感器、智能采集单元和物联网感知平台,建设统一的大坝安全监测数据资源池,开发通用化安全监测云服务系统,搭建专业数据挖掘平台和综合可视化应用,实现了大坝安全监测数据感知、传输、管理、分析及展示全链路应用,形成了大坝安全监测全生命周期智慧解决方案。研究成果已在乌东德、溪洛渡、向家坝、大藤峡等100余项水利水电工程中成功应用,为保障工程建设及运行安全发挥了重要的支撑作用,具有很好的推广应用前景。     

洪水预报智能模型在中国半干旱半湿润区的应用对比

为探究不同洪水预报智能模型在我国半干旱半湿润区的应用效果,选用决策树、多层感知器、随机森林和支持向量机4种模型在陕西省3个典型流域进行逐时洪水预报;选择相关系数、纳什效率系数、均方根误差、平均绝对误差和相对误差等评价指标,比较不同预见期下4种模型在半干旱半湿润典型流域洪水预报的适用性。结果表明:在短预见期预报中,4种模型在半湿润区典型流域均可获得较高的预报结果,在半干旱典型流域模拟精度相对偏低,仅支持向量机模型满足预报要求;随着预见期延长,不同模型性能变化差异大,支持向量机模型整体稳定,在小流域实时洪水预报中具有明显优势;随机森林模型与决策树模型精度随预见期延长而缓慢下降,前者适应性更好;多层感知器模型精度随预见期延长而骤减,模型稳定性较差。     

An illusion of memory: False recognition influenced by unconscious perception.

The results of two experiments showed that an illusion of memory can be produced by unconscious perception. In a first phase of those experiments, a long list of words was presented for study. For the test of recognition memory given in the second phase of each experiment, presentation of a "context" word preceded that of most recognition test words. Ss were to judge whether or not the test words had been presented during the earlier study phase of the experiment. Effects of a context word on this recognition memory decision were opposite when Ss were aware vs. unaware of its presentation. For example, as compared to a condition in which no context word was presented, the probability of false recognition was increased when Ss were unaware but decreased when Ss were aware of the presentation of a context word that matched the recognition test word. Results are discussed in terms of unconscious influences on an attribution process. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

未知环境下机器人障碍物检测技术

未知环境下地面的不平坦性和机器人相对障碍物位姿的不确定性会造成障碍物特征提取困难,为了准确检测障碍物特征,采用3维相机获取机器人周围环境的灰度图像和距离信息。在此基础上,提出基于灰度信息和3维信息的"阈值法"进行障碍物区域的提取,并针对3维信息"阈值法"剔除的地面与障碍物过渡区域过多,以及机器人相对斜坡方位的不确定性引起的障碍物特征检测不准确,提出区域的恢复算法和表面法线坡度计算。实验结果表明,所提出的算法具有简单、有效、准确和鲁棒性强的优点。     

Weber定律下尺度空间的自适应构建

在Weber定律的启发下提出一种基于"恰可识别差异"的尺度空间自适应构建方法。Weber定律认为人类感知模式不仅与刺激的变化有关,而且与原刺激强度有关。基于此观点,在图像尺度空间的构建过程中,首先以Marr视觉理论的屋脊型边缘和阶梯型边缘的特征之和计算图像的信息量,再通过实验获得人类视觉能感知到"恰可识别差异"时的图像信息量变化,最后通过曲线拟合自适应构建图像的尺度空间。实验结果表明,该方法充分体现了人类视觉感知特性,与其他尺度空间构建方法相比,在目标匹配实验中,匹配数目提升了25%以上;在去噪实验中,本算法的去噪效果良好。     

基于感知驱动的纹饰矢量图评价方法

针对构建中华文化矢量素材库过程中如何评价矢量图质量优劣的问题,提出精确性、连续性和简单性三大视觉评价指标,并进行了量化分析. 首先,对矢量图进行解析,获取矢量图的文档对象模型,遍历文档树得到矢量信息;然后,结合格式塔心理学对矢量图的视觉误差、曲线连续性和纹饰图案的复杂度进行量化;最后,提出一种基于感知驱动的传统纹饰矢量图的评价方法. 结合视觉上的启发性规则,所提评价方法可提供3个量化指标用于多任务驱动矢量化系统中矢量图的自动评价、排序和筛选. 在纹饰矢量图数据集上对算法进行了仿真实验,结果表明,对矢量图的评价结果符合主流设计的视觉审美和期望.     

基于可拓设计的驾驶人多模态情绪感知装置研究

为科学决策和评价驾驶人情绪感知装置的最优化多模态组合方案, 本文基于可拓设计多功能产品创造法, 利用基元理论中的发散分析法分析了情绪感知装置的检测功能, 建立了类物元,并生成具体产品物元模型。分析了单一检测装置包含的3种安装位置间的重组关系, 拓展出一系列重组方案, 再利用优度评价法对其进行筛选。 最终确定了一种有效的多模态驾驶人情绪感知装置的组合方案。     

基于负荷特征传导的配电台区全状态精准感知与数字化应用

针对低压配电网存在的状态感知水平较低、数据共享挖掘不足等典型问题,结合能源互联网示范台区项目建设内容,以能源互联网的建设理念进行"信息支撑"和"价值创造"2方面的技术突破和应用.首先利用用户负荷特征和故障特征在低压电网中的纵、横向传导特性,构建台区的变、线、户、相位、电气阻抗完整拓扑信息,极大简化采集架构,完成台区全状态精准感知,实现宽带高速电力线载波在信息感知上的高效利用;同时提出数字化业务支撑能力框架,以数据为驱动,探索能源互联网示范台区在电网数字化管理、用户数字化服务和政府数字化治理3个方面的典型业务场景;通过南京的11个小区完成示范应用,拓扑识别准确率可达100％,阻抗计算准确率大于90％,同时试点的603户完成了数据挖掘共享.     

基于网络文本的山地景观游客行为与形象感知研究——以重庆市长嘉汇弹子石老街为例

剖析网络评价文本能为景观规划设计提供科学的依据支撑,弥补因快速城镇化建设发展而导致的公众参与不足,对于景观设计而言是非常重要的。以重庆市弹子石老街为例,基于网络文本内容分析法,利用rostcm6、excel及python等分析和数据抓取软件,采集大众点评的相关评论数据,以山地景观设计视角结合相关数据分析软件进行定性定量分析并制作可视化分析图,最终从多维度分析游客评论得出结果及改进建议,总结针对重庆弹子石老街及山地景观设计的6条设计策略:(1)交通可达的组织方式;(2)垂直上下的衔接转换;(3)对景远眺的外向空间;(4)本土文化的特色彰显;(5)城市事件的策划安排;(6)游览夜景的慢行系统,期望对今后的类似山地景观空间规划设计提供一定参考和借鉴价值。     

Computational Problem Solving in Spatial Substrates -- A Cognitive Systems Engineering Approach

The ability to perform spatial tasks is crucial for everyday life and of great importance to cognitive agents such as humans, animals, and autonomous robots. A common artificial intelligence approach to accomplish spatial tasks is to represent spatial configurations and tasks in form of detailed knowledge about various aspects of space and time. Suitable algorithms then use the representations to compute solutions to spatial problems. In comparison, natural embodied and situated agents often solve spatial tasks without detailed knowledge about geometric, topological, or mechanical laws; they directly relate actions to effects that are due to spatio-temporal affordances in their bodies and environments. Accordingly, we propose a paradigm that makes the spatio-temporal substrate an integral part of the engine that drives spatial problem solving. We argue that spatial and temporal structures in body and environment can substantially support (and even replace) reasoning effort in computational processes: physical manipulation and perception in spatial environments substitute formal computation. While the approach is well known – for example, we employ diagrams as spatial substrate for geometric problem solving and maps for wayfinding – the underlying principle has not been systematically investigated or formally analyzed as a paradigm of cognitive processing. Topology, distance, and orientation constraints are all integrated and interdependent in truly 2- or 3-dimensional space. Exploiting this fact may not only help overcome the need for acquiring detailed knowledge about the interrelationships between different aspects of space; it also can point to a way of avoiding exploding computational complexity that occurs when we deal with these aspects of space in complex real-world scenarios. Our approach employs affordance-based object-level problem solving to complement knowledge-level formal approaches. We will assess strengths and weaknesses of the new cognitive systems paradigm.